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Deutsches Heer : ウィキペディア英語版
German Army (German Empire)

The Imperial German Army (''Deutsches Heer'') was the name given to the combined land and air forces — not including the ''Marine-Fliegerabteilung'' maritime aviation formations of the ''Kaiserliche Marine'' — of the German Empire. The term ''Deutsches Heer'' is also used for the modern German Army, the land component of the ''Bundeswehr''. The German Army was formed after the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership in 1871, and dissolved in 1919, after the defeat of the German Empire in World War I.
==Formation and name==

The states which made up the German Empire each had their own separate armies. Within the German Confederation, formed after the Napoleonic Wars, each state was responsible for maintaining certain units to be put at the disposal of the Confederation in case of conflict. When operating together, these units were known as the Federal Army (''Bundesheer''). The Federal Army system functioned during various conflicts of the 19th century, such as the First Schleswig War in 1848–50, but by the time of the Second Schleswig War of 1864, strains were showing, mainly between the major powers of the confederation, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The end of the German Confederation was sealed by the Austro-Prussian War of 1866.
After this war, a victorious and much enlarged Prussia formed a new confederation, the North German Confederation, which included the states of northern Germany. The treaty that formed the North German Confederation provided for the maintenance of a Federal Army and a Federal Navy (''Bundesmarine'' or ''Bundeskriegsmarine'').〔(documentArchiv.de – Verfassung des Norddeutschen Bundes (16.04.1867) )〕 Further laws on military duty also used these terms.〔(documentArchiv.de – Gesetz, betreffend die Verpflichtung zum Kriegsdienste (09.11.1867) )〕 Conventions (some later amended) were entered into between the North German Confederation and its member states, effectively subordinating their armies to Prussia's in time of war, and giving the Prussian Army control over training, doctrine and equipment.〔The conventions were:
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde (bzw. Preußen) und Sachsen vom 7. Februar 1867''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Hessen vom 13. Juni 1871 (Ersatz für die vom 7. April 1867)''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Mecklenburg-Schwerin vom 19. Dezember 1872 (Ersatz für die von 24. Juni 1868)''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Mecklenburg-Strelitz vom 23. Dezember 1872 (Ersatz für die vom 9. November 1867) ''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Oldenburg vom 15. Juni 1867 ''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Braunschweig vom9./18. März 1886 ''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde einerseits und Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach, Sachsen-Altenburg, Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, Sachsen-Meiningen, Reuß ältere Linie, Reuß jüngere Linie und Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt vom 15. September 1873''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Anhalt vom 16. September 1873 (Ersatz für die vom 28. Juni 1867)''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Schwarzburg-Sondershausen vom 17. September 1873 (Ersatz für die vom 28. Juni 1867)''
* Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Lippe vom 14. November 1873 (Ersatz für die vom 26. Juni 1867)''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Schaumburg-Lippe vom 25. September 1873 (Ersatz für die vom 30. Juni 1867)''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Waldeck vom 24. November 1877 (Ersatz für die vom 6. August 1867)''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Lübeck vom 27. Juni 1867''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Bremen vom 27. Juni 1867''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Hamburg vom 23. Juli 1867''〕
Shortly after the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, the North German Confederation also entered into conventions on military matters with states that were not members of the confederation: Bavaria, Württemberg, and Baden.〔The conventions were:
* Artikel III. § 5 of the ''Bundesvertrag vom 23. November 1870 mit Bayern''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Baden vom 25. November 1870''
* ''Militärkonvention zwischen dem Norddeutschen Bunde und Württemberg vom 25. November 1870 ''〕 Through these conventions and the 1871 Constitution of the German Empire, an Army of the Realm (''Reichsheer'') was born. The contingents of the Bavarian, Saxon and Württemberg kingdoms remained semi-autonomous, while the Prussian Army assumed almost total control over the armies of the other states of the Empire. The Constitution of the German Empire, dated April 16, 1871, changed references in the North German Constitution from Federal Army to either Army of the Realm ("Reichsheer") or German Army ("Deutsches Heer").〔(documentArchiv.de – Verfassung des Deutschen Reichs )〕
Even after 1871 the peacetime armies of the four kingdoms remained relatively distinct. "German Army" was used in various legal documents such as the Military Penal Code,〔(Militär-Strafgesetzbuch für das Deutsche Reich )〕 but otherwise the Prussian, Bavarian, Saxon and Württemberg armies maintained distinct identities. Each kingdom had its own War Ministry. Bavaria and Saxony published their own rank and seniority lists for their officers and Württemberg's list was a separate chapter of the Prussian army rank lists. Württemberg and Saxon units were numbered according to the Prussian system, but Bavarian units maintained their own numbering system (thus, the 2nd Württemberg Infantry Regiment was Infantry Regiment No. 120 under the Prussian system).

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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